
VisaNet by Visa Inc. is the world's leading payment network. It regularly handles anywhere from 2,000 to 4,000 transactions per second and has the capacity to handle over 50,000 more.
On the other hand, the Bitcoin network can only handle seven transactions per second. The Ethereum network, central to the operation of many decentralised finance (DeFi) protocols, can only handle 20 to 30 transactions per second. Both networks are also subject to high transaction fees.
If we want to replace the centralised, traditional financial system with a decentralised alternative, then it becomes imperative that it be at least usable as the incumbents. This is a huge problem that needs to be solved to advance DeFi and the wider cryptocurrency economy further.
While Ethereum developers are certainly working on solving these issues with L2 scaling and Proof-of-Stake, this blockchain has already solved this scalability issue, and that's why we believe that this third-generation blockchain is a game-changer.
Launched in 2020, Solana aims to overcome the limitations of other blockchain platforms by implementing innovative technologies that enhance its scalability and performance. The blockchain is capable of processing over 710,000 transactions per second (TPS) without requiring additional scaling solutions, making it ideal for real-time applications such as games and financial services.
Solana's architecture supports the creation of smart contracts and DApps, offering a versatile solution for various use cases, including decentralised finance (DeFi) platforms and non-fungible token (NFT) marketplaces.
Unlike Ethereum, which relies on multiple blockchain layers for scaling, Solana achieves scalability with a single-layer architecture maintained by a network of powerful computers capable of storing vast amounts of data.
Its native currency, SOL, is used for transferring value and securing the network through staking. It has quickly become one of the top 10 cryptocurrencies by market capitalisation.
The Proof-of-History (PoH) is not a consensus mechanism per se; it is a component of Solana's Proof-of-Stake consensus feature. PoH is the main innovation that has allowed Solana to boast such fast and efficient transaction processing and verification compared to conventional blockchain networks.

Other blockchains rely on sequential block validation, which requires validators to talk to each other to reach a consensus on the passage of time when a transaction occurs. This slows down the network because every validator node on the network must confirm the previous block of transactions before the next block can begin.
Picture a relay race with three runners and the racetrack as a snapshot of time. The sum of the distance each runner has covered signifies the total work done, but the second runner cannot begin running until the first runner passes the baton to them.
Each validator on the Solana blockchain measures time with its own clock by encoding it using a sequential-hashing Verifiable Delay Function (VDF). Each transaction made on the Solana blockchain is time-stamped, which allows the validator nodes to record and organise them without needing confirmation from the other nodes.
Going back to the relay race analogy, with the Solana blockchain, all three runners can run simultaneously without needing to wait for a baton to be passed. Collectively, they are doing the same amount of work as other teams, but they do the work in one-third of the time it takes others to complete the race.
The Solana network is even faster than this, but this analogy can help us understand one of the main reasons its Solana is so much faster than other blockchains.

In Figure 1, you can see that three transactions are executed simultaneously and that the 'Leader' node, which represents the Proof-of-History generator, organises these transactions in the proper order. This model suggests a centralised process. The Leader node is rotated every four blocks and delegates to a verifier node.
This process is called Delegated Proof-of-Stake and uses the VDF algorithm based on the timestamp of each transaction. This produces a new network state that is then shared with other verifier nodes, which carry out a similar transaction using copies of the original network state.
The nodes then vote to confirm the ledger's state, creating the next set of transactions. These new transactions are then ordered using the new network state as a reference point. This process repeats itself continually.
In simple terms, the objective of the BFT mechanism is to prevent system failure by distributing decision-making across the network so that the influence of any faulty or malicious nodes is reduced. This process secures the integrity of the network. All blockchains have some form of BFT built into their coding.
The Solana blockchain Tower BFT consensus mechanism is a variant of the BFT algorithm that uses PoH as its cryptographic clock to reach consensus inside the blockchain. This is important because each node can create many different versions of the Solana ledger, which work independently, but only one is correct.
To ensure that the correct state of the ledger is maintained, validator nodes must vote on and establish consensus on which ledger is accurate. Once their collective vote is locked in, that particular version cannot be changed, and this will become the new iteration of the ledger. The new ledger is then passed on to the 'Leader' node so that new transactions can be processed, as seen in Figure 1.
However, Ethereum needs help meeting the surging demand for low-cost, high-volume applications like micropayments, gaming, and social media. While we remain confident in Ethereum's Layer-2 scaling roadmap, it is important to recognise Solana as a compelling alternative for certain use cases.
As discussed in an April 2021 article, Solana's unique design balances decentralisation and security while optimising usability, throughput, and scalability. This strategic positioning makes Solana well-suited for applications involving high transaction volumes and low-value transactions.
Solana is simply the people's blockchain, and inasmuch as the mainstream adoption of Web3 doesn't stall or stop, Solana is well-positioned to continue to be a major player in the decentralised economy. While Solana was badly hit during the last bear market and the attendant headwinds from the FTX fallout, the Solana ecosystem has bounced back with a vengeance due to its very high throughput, negligible transaction costs, and excellent user interface.
In terms of TVL, Solana holds a ~7% market share within the scope of DeFi. With a TVL of $11 billion to Ethereum's $108 billion, Solana is roughly 10% the size of Ethereum.

Solana's relative size in DeFi does not negate the use of liquid staking for capital efficiency, allowing staked interest-bearing tokens to be used within DeFi protocols. This is why we think the start of LSD-Fi protocols, which are DeFi primitives built on top of liquid staking protocols, will be a massive step for Solana to attract new liquidity.
One example is stablecoins over-collateralised by SOL, leveraging liquid staking tokens to generate yield. This concept already exists on Ethereum with protocols like Lybra Finance. Recently, the largest DEX aggregator on Solana Jupiter has been the firstto propose a design to launch a similar stablecoin on Solana.
Solana's advantage over Ethereum is that its staking yield is higher, averaging 7-8% on the highest-yielding liquid staking protocols. This means that if a stablecoin backed by staked SOL were to launch, its yield would average around 7-8%, based on staking reward, and outperform the yield users can earn on ETH-backed stablecoins.
We are looking forward to more designs like this that leverage LSTs to create products for users to generate higher returns on their assets on Solana.
However, current limitations in Solana's transactions per second (TPS) and block time necessitate a transformative catalyst, and Firedancer, a revolutionary Solana validator client by Jump Crypto, presents a compelling solution.
At the 2023 Breakpoint event, Firedancer's introduction on the testnet showcased a remarkable performance leap, surpassing the existing Solana Labs client by 10 to 100 times.

Firedancer is crucial because it changes how Solana scales. It moves the limitations from software to hardware, aligning with the idea that as technology gets better, Solana can handle more transactions. While reaching 1 million TPS might take a bit of time, Firedancer sets the stage for big improvements in scalability.
The tests on the testnet show that Solana's efficiency notably improves when running on Firedancer, suggesting it can handle more transactions as hardware evolves.
This anticipated improvement positions Solana competitively, potentially reaching 5,000 TPS or even 10,000 TPS in the medium term—a substantial enhancement compared to the current 500 TPS for non-vote transactions.
The complete Firedancer suite is anticipated to go live on the testnet sometime later this year. This phased-release approach strategically places Firedancer as a significant catalyst for Solana's development.
SuperToken is important because it enables developers to build novel use cases that were not previously possible on Solana. In some cases, SuperToken unlocks functionality that is not even achievable on Ethereum, giving Solana a competitive edge.
SuperToken adds a tremendous number of new capabilities. Here are some examples to highlight why this is impactful.

VC funding of Web3 projects generally slows down during bear markets, and Solana saw an 85% decline in monthly VC funding, from $115 million in 2021 to $17 million in 2023. However, new capital has flowed, and March 2024 saw the highest numbers raised since January 2024, with $180 million raised in total. The Solana ecosystem has raised $2.758 billion in VC funding throughout its history. The six months of January to June 2024 accounted for $325.4 million, or ~12% of the total.
This shows a healthy and growing interest in investment in Solana's ecosystem. According to Solana Foundation data, Solana hackathons have attracted over 50,000 participants and resulted in 3,000+ project launches. Past winners have raised $600 million in follow-on funding.
So, where does that leave SOL against its competition?

Its main competitor is Ethereum, but it has struggled to attract the same level of capital. However, in actual infrastructure metrics (speed, cost per tx, and finality time), Ethereum will struggle to get anywhere near Solana in the foreseeable future.
Ethereum's Layer 2s, like Arbitrum, Optimism, zkSync, etc., are essentially offshoots of Ethereum. However, they benefit from the trust that Ethereum has built up based on continuous reliability and a proven track record.

Based on the model above, we came up with three different scenarios.

For this reason, we decided to employ a different statistical model. To be more specific, we used a second-degree polynomial model that resulted in R²=0.3454.

The Y-axis represents the market capitalisation of SOL, while the X-axis represents time. The fitted line (rising yellow line) shows a steady upward trend, indicating an accelerating growth pattern over time, consistent with the quadratic nature of the model.
This model isn’t perfect either, and it explains about 34.54% of the variance in the data. However, we improved the model by adding/substrating 1 standard deviation of errors for higher accuracy, which again resulted in 3 different scenarios.
However, 8 years is a very long time in crypto, so, we wouldn’t be too concerned about Solana’s long-term prospects for 2032. At the peak of this bull run, we will reevaluate Solana’s position as we head into the 2027/2028 cycle, and we will then be in a better position to be more confident about what 2032 potentially holds for Solana.

As of now, 17,543,782 SOL has been unlocked. This amount is expected to increase to 26,437,269 by January 2025, representing an additional 8,893,487 SOL that will be unlocked. That's equivalent to $497,267,672 worth of SOL in selling pressure.
The amount of SOL that unlocks will then steadily increase in 2025, as seen in the chart below.

While $497,267,672 sounds like a significant amount of selling pressure, it is important to note that in the last few months, the FTX Estate has sold 6,995,678 SOL, worth $283,004,537, at an average price of $40.45, and this has not halted SOL from rallying further.

Regarding the SOL that FTX can directly sell, the FTX cold wallets currently hold almost no more SOL. While they still possess some liquid SOL, it's staked in liquid stake solutions. A 1.25 million SOL is still locked but could be easily withdrawn and sold.
The FTX estate has sold 6,995,678 SOL without much price impact. This liquid amount of SOL amount might slow down SOL's growth in the coming months. However, it shouldn't cause major downturns unless the overall market sees a significant decline in the coming months.
We also don't foresee the upcoming sales of vested SOL from the FTX Estate adversely impacting SOL from now until 2025 to the extent that it significantly underperforms.
However, in our valuation of SOL, we have considered this risk and adjusted our assessment of SOL relative to ETH downward, establishing a more conservative target.
While Solana is currently at the top of its class in many aspects, there is a risk that existing or new blockchains may improve to outperform Solana. This outperformance may allow them to capture market share in its specific niches.
There are two points that we will be monitoring for this:
So far, we don't perceive competition as a significant risk because these blockchains have a massive disadvantage. Compared to Solana, they've had less time to develop a community, culture, and ecosystem. Additionally, the Ethereum scaling roadmap has mostly experienced delays. However, if we observe notable developments that alter our thesis, our community will know first.

However, a notable transformation occurred in the first half of 2023. Solana has had only one outage in February and none for the remainder of the year. This signifies a substantial improvement in network stability, nearing nearly 100% uptime in 2023, with the last quarter showing consistently positive performance.

The story is the same for 2024, with Solana maintaining its hot streak of uptime. The introduction of the 1.14 network upgrade played a pivotal role in resolving these outages, enhancing speed and scalability. It has put Solana in a stronger position to focus on innovation rather than patching bugs.
After 1.14, the next significant upgrade was v1.16, which introduced substantial benefits to the Solana network and its users and enhanced the platform in several key ways.
Solana is uniquely positioned to win due to its remarkable scalability, unparalleled speed, and robust ecosystem. With its innovative Proof-of-History (PoH) consensus mechanism, Solana delivers an unrivalled capacity to handle thousands of transactions per second without compromising security or decentralisation. This technical edge allows it to support a thriving ecosystem of decentralised applications (dApps) that require high throughput and low latency, such as DeFi platforms, NFT marketplaces, and Web3 applications.
We are confident that the SOL token deserves a spot in your portfolio because it represents not just a cryptocurrency but an entire ecosystem poised for exponential growth. Solana's strong fundamentals, strategic vision, and active community support provide a solid foundation for its long-term success.
Investing in SOL means investing in a future where blockchain technology becomes more accessible, efficient, and impactful. The time to capitalise on Solana's potential is now, as it continues to build momentum and capture market share across various sectors. This is not just a fleeting trend; Solana is shaping the future of decentralised technology, and it is well-positioned to deliver substantial returns on investment.
If our approach doesn’t outperform the overall crypto market during your subscription, we’ll give you a full refund of your membership. No questions asked. For quarterly and monthly subscribers this is applicable once your subscription runs for 6 consecutive months.
$799/year
Get everything you need to actively manage your portfolio and stay ahead. Ideal for investors seeking regular guidance and access to tools that help make informed decisions.
For your security, all orders are processed on a secured server.
What’s included in Pro:
Success Guarantee, if we don’t outperform the market, you get 100% back, no questions asked
24/7 access to experts with 50+ years’ experience
All of our top token picks for 2025
Our latest memecoins pick with 50X potential
On hand technical analysis on any token of your choice
Weekly livestreams & ask us anything with the team
Daily insights on Macro, Mechanics, and On-chain
Curated list of top upcoming airdrops (free money)
With over 2.4M tokens and widespread misinformation in crypto, we cut
through the noise and consistently find winning assets.
























Can I trust Cryptonary's calls?
Yes. We've consistently identified winners across multiple cycles. Bitcoin under $1,000, Ethereum under $70, Solana under $10, WIF from $0.003 to $5, PopCat from $0.004 to $2, SPX blasting past $1.70, and our latest pick has already 200X'd since June 2025. Everything is timestamped and public record.
Do I need to be an experienced trader or investor to benefit?
No. When we founded Cryptonary in 2017 the market was new to everyone. We intentionally created content that was easy to understand and actionable. That foundational principle is the crux of Cryptonary. Taking complex ideas and opportunities and presenting them in a way a 10 year old could understand.
What makes Cryptonary different from free crypto content on YouTube or Twitter?
Signal vs noise. We filter out 99.9% of garbage projects, provide data backed analysis, and have a proven track record of finding winners. Not to mention since Cryptonary's inception in 2017 we have never taken investment, sponsorship or partnership. Compare this to pretty much everyone else, no track record, and a long list of partnerships that cloud judgements.
Why is there no trial or refund policy?
We share highly sensitive, time-critical research. Once it's out, it can't be "returned." That's why membership is annual only. Crypto success takes time and commitment. If someone is not willing to invest 12 months into their future, there is no place for them at Cryptonary.
Do I get direct access to the Cryptonary team?
Yes. You will have 24/7 to the team that bought you BTC at $1,000, ETH at $70, and SOL at $10. Through our community chats, live Q&As, and member only channels, you can ask questions and interact directly with the team. Our team has over 50 years of combined experience which you can tap into every single day.
How often is content updated?
Daily. We provide real-time updates, weekly reports, emergency alerts, and live Q&As when the markets move fast. In crypto, the market moves fast, in Cryptonary, we move faster.
How does the success guarantee work?
If our approach to the market doesn’t beat the overall crypto market during your subscription, we’ll give you a full refund of your membership fee. No questions asked. For quarterly and monthly subscribers this is applicable once your subscription runs for 6 consecutive months.